![]() ![]() This is called depletion-load NMOS logic. However, a better (and the most common) way to make the gates faster is to use depletion-mode transistors instead of enhancement-mode transistors as loads. Using a resistor of lower value will speed up the process but also increases static power dissipation. But the resistance between the output and the positive supply rail is much greater, so the low to high transition takes longer (similar to charging a capacitor through a high value resistor). When transitioning from high to low, the transistors provide low resistance, and the capacitive charge at the output drains away very quickly (similar to discharging a capacitor through a very low resistor). NMOS circuits are slow to transition from low to high. The only case where the output is high is when both transistors are off, which occurs only when both A and B are low, thus satisfying the truth table of a NOR gate:Ī MOSFET can be made to operate as a resistor, so the whole circuit can be made with n-channel MOSFETs only. When both A and B are high, both transistors are conductive, creating an even lower resistance path to ground. If either input A or input B is high (logic 1, = True), the respective MOS transistor acts as a very low resistance between the output and the negative supply, forcing the output to be low (logic 0, = False). The R-pulled circuit acts like a NOR gate that sinks OUT to the GND.Īs an example, here is a NOR gate implemented in schematic NMOS. This causes a voltage drop over the load, and thus a low voltage at the output, representing the zero. Any logic gate, including the logical inverter, can then be implemented by designing a network of parallel and/or series circuits, such that if the desired output for a certain combination of boolean input values is zero (or false), the PDN will be active, meaning that at least one transistor is allowing a current path between the negative supply and the output. a "load" that can be thought of as a resistor, see below) is placed between the positive supply voltage and each logic gate output. The MOSFETs are n-type enhancement mode transistors, arranged in a so-called "pull-down network" (PDN) between the logic gate output and negative supply voltage (typically the ground). These silicon gates are still used in most types of MOSFET based integrated circuits, although metal gates ( Al or Cu) started to reappear in the early 2000s for certain types of high speed circuits, such as high performance microprocessors. Since around 1970, however, most MOS circuits have used self-aligned gates made of polycrystalline silicon, a technology first developed by Federico Faggin at Fairchild Semiconductor. MOS stands for metal-oxide-semiconductor, reflecting the way MOS-transistors were originally constructed, predominantly before the 1970s, with gates of metal, typically aluminium. These disadvantages are why CMOS logic has supplanted most of these types in most high-speed digital circuits such as microprocessors despite the fact that CMOS was originally very slow compared to logic gates built with bipolar transistors. power drain even when the circuit is not switching, leading to high power consumption.Īdditionally, just like in diode–transistor logic, transistor–transistor logic, emitter-coupled logic etc., the asymmetric input logic levels make NMOS and PMOS circuits more susceptible to noise than CMOS. This means static power dissipation, i.e. The major drawback with NMOS (and most other logic families) is that a DC current must flow through a logic gate even when the output is in a steady state (low in the case of NMOS). It was also easier to manufacture NMOS than CMOS, as the latter has to implement p-channel transistors in special n-wells on the p-substrate. Like other MOSFETs, nMOS transistors have four modes of operation: cut-off (or subthreshold), triode, saturation (sometimes called active), and velocity saturation.įor many years, NMOS circuits were much faster than comparable PMOS and CMOS circuits, which had to use much slower p-channel transistors. The n-channel is created by applying voltage to the third terminal, called the gate. This inversion layer, called the n-channel, can conduct electrons between n-type "source" and "drain" terminals. These nMOS transistors operate by creating an inversion layer in a p-type transistor body. N-type metal–oxide–semiconductor logic uses n-type (-) MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) to implement logic gates and other digital circuits. Form of digital logic family in integrated circuits ![]()
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